Smart farming is a significant application of the Internet of Things (IoT). It minimizes water, fertilizer, and crop yield waste. Sustainable development is confronted with two of the world`s most pressing problems: the food shortage and the rapid increase in population. Utilizing the infrastructure to use modern technologies like the Internet of Things, big data, and the cloud, smart farming has evolved into a systematic method of managing and monitoring sustainable agriculture. Data optimization is necessary for IoT-cloud systems due to the large amounts of data involved, both organized and unstructured. IoT-based smart farming improves the farming system by monitoring fields of crops. The IoTs in agriculture enable farmers to save time and reduce the consumption of resources such as water. The main aim of this review article is to offer a comprehensive analysis from a social and technological perspective. Important application domains, IoT architecture, and various problems are covered in this paper. In addition, the paper explores the available literature and shows their impact on many parts of the Internet of Things.

Smart farming, Internet of Things, modern technologies, big data, IoT-cloud systems, IoT architecture

[1] A. Dahane, R. Benameur, B. Kechar and A. Benyamina. An IoT Based Smart Farming System Using Machine Learning, International Symposium on Networks, Computers and Communications (ISNCC), Montreal, QC, Canada, pp.1-6, 2020. doi: 10.1109/ISNCC49221.2020.9297341.
[2] A. Deohate and D. Rojatkar (2021) Middleware Challenges and Platform for IoT-A Survey, 5th International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICOEI), Tirunelveli, India, pp.463-467, 2021. doi: 10.1109/ICOEI51242.2021.9452923.
[3] Abdullahi, M.O., Jimale, A.D., Ahmed, Y.A. et al. Revolutionizing Somali agriculture: harnessing machine learning and IoT for optimal crop recommendations. Discov Appl Sci 6, 77, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05739-y
[4] Codeluppi, G.; Cilfone, A.; Davoli, L.; Ferrari, G., LoRaFarM: A LoRaWAN-Based Smart Farming Modular IoT Architecture. Sensors, 20, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20072028]
[5] Indira, P., Arafat, I.S., Karthikeyan, R. et al., Fabrication and investigation of agricultural monitoring system with IoT & AI. SN Appl. Sci. 5, 322, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-023-05526-1
[6] Dhal, Sambandh & Wyatt, Briana & Mahanta, Shikhadri & Bhattarai, Nishan & Sharma, Sadikshya & Rout, Tapas & Saud, Pradip & Acharya, Bharat. Internet of Things (IoT) in Digital Agriculture: An Overview. Agronomy Journal, 2023. 10.1002/agj2.21385.
[7] Dimitrios Glaroudis, Athanasios Iossifides, Periklis Chatzimisios. Survey, comparison and research challenges of IoT application protocols for smart farming, Computer Networks, Vol.168, 107037, 2020. ISSN 1389-1286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2019.107037.
[8] He, Y., Nie, P.C., Liu, F., Advancement and trend of Internet of things in agriculture and sensing instrument. J. Agric. Mach. 44 (10), pp.216–226, 2013. https://doi.org/10.6041/j. issn.1000-1298.2013.10.035.
[9] Farooq, Shoaib & Riaz, Shamyla & Abid, Adnan & Abid, Kamran & Naeem, Muhammad Azhar. A Survey on the Role of IoT in Agriculture for the Implementation of Smart Farming. 2019. IEEE Access. 7. 1-1. 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2949703.
[10] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), “The future of food and agriculture Alternative pathways to 2050”, 2018.
[11] P. D. P. Adi, D. A. Prasetya, R. Arifuddin, A. P. Sari, F. S. Mukti, V. Sihombing, et al., Application of IoT-LoRa Technology and Design in irrigation canals to improve the quality of agricultural products in Batu Indonesia", 2nd International Conference On Smart Cities Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems (ICON-SONICS), pp.88-94, 2021.
[12] Liu, J., Development and application of agricultural internet of things technology. Agric. Technol. 36 (19), pp.179–180, 2016. https://doi.org/10.11974/nyyjs.20161032065
[13] V. A. Diya, Pradeep Nandan, Ritesh R. Dhote (2023)IoT-based Precision Agriculture: A Review, Proceedings of Emerging Trends and Technologies on Intelligent Systems, , Volume 1414 ISBN : 978-981-19-4181-8
[14] Mana, A. A., Allouhi, A., Hamrani, A., Rehman, S., el Jamaoui, I., & Jayachandran, K., Sustainable AI-based production agriculture: Exploring AI applications and implications in agricultural practices. Smart Agricultural Technology, 7, 100416, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atech.2024.100416
[15] M. Ayaz, M. Ammad-Uddin, Z. Sharif, A. Mansour and E. H. M. Aggoune, "Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based smart agriculture: Toward making the fields talk", IEEE access, Vol.7, pp.129551-129583, 2019.
[16] Mathur, G., Pandey, A., & Goyal, S., Applications of machine learning in healthcare. In The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) and Telemedicine Frameworks and Applications, pp.177-195, 2023. IGI Global.
[17] Mishra, Jayant & Goyal, Sachin. An effective automatic traffic sign classification and recognition deep convolutional networks. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 81, 2022. 10.1007/s11042-022-12531-w.
[18] Shabir Ahmad Sofi. Precision agriculture using IoT data analytics and machine learning, Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, Part B, Vol.34, Issue.8, pp.5602-5618, 2022. ISSN 1319-1578, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2021.05.013.
[19] Hwang, J., Shin, C., Yoe, H., Study on an agricultural environment monitoring server system using wireless sensor networks. Sensors 10 (12), pp.11189–11211, 2010. https://doi. org/10.3390/s101211189.
[20] Shi, X.; An, X.; Zhao, Q.; Liu, H.; Xia, L.; Sun, X.; Guo, Y. (2019) State-of-the-Art Internet of Things in ProtectedAgriculture. Sensors, 19, pp.18-33, 2019.
[21] Jinyuan Xu, Baoxing Gu, Guangzhao Tian. Review of agricultural IoT technology, Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture, Vol.6, pp.10-22, 2022. ISSN 2589-7217, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiia.2022.01.001.
[22] MSD, A., Kuppili, J., & Manga, N. A., Smart Farming System using IoT for Efficient Crop Growth. 2020 IEEE International Students’ Conference on Electrical,Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2020. doi:10.1109/sceecs48394.2020.147
[23] Codeluppi, G., Cilfone, A., Davoli, L., & Ferrari, G., VegIoT Garden: a modular IoT Management Platform for Urban Vegetable Gardens. 2019 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor), 2019. doi:10.1109/metroagrifor.2019.8909228
[24] Kofahi, M.M., Al-Shorman, M.Y., Al-Kofahi, O.M., Toward energy efficient microcontrollers and internet-of-things systems. Comput. Electr. Eng. 79, 106457, 2019.
[25] Srivastava, Abhishek & Das, Dushmanta. A Comprehensive Review on the Application of Internet of Thing (IoT) in Smart Agriculture. Wireless Personal Communications. 122, 2022. 10.1007/s11277-021-08970-7.
[26] S. R. Prathibha, A. Hongal and M. P. Jyothi. IOT Based Monitoring System in Smart Agriculture," 2017 International Conference on Recent Advances in Electronics and Communication Technology (ICRAECT), Bangalore, India, pp.81-84, 2017. doi: 10.1109/ICRAECT.2017.52.